Obesity In Childhood and Adolescents
Obesity in children and adolescents is the most common nutritional problem in the developed nations. There Sharp hike in the recent years and it is now considered to be a major health issue. It poses almost the same side effects as in adults like insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemias, joint disorders and liver disease; also, it multiplies the risk of adult onset obesity and cardiovascular disease. These individuals also more susceptible of developing stress, sadness and low self-esteem.
No definition is perfect for childhood obesity. The perfect definition must includes the statistical association with acute and long term risk factors as, acute medical condition usually do not occur in this age group. Some clinicians use the terms overweight, obese, and morbidly obese to classify the weights exceed those for heights by 20%, 50%, and 80-100%. But BMI(body mass index ), although a crude method of measuring body fatness is still used in clinics. It is calculated by weight(kg ) divided by height (m2) .
Etiology:
The greatest risk factor is obesity of both parents signifies the strong genetic component though other causes are well known in developing childhood obesity. These includes genetic syndromes(Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Down syndrome, Cohen syndrome) , hormonal disorders like Growth hormone deficiency, Growth hormone resistance, Prolactin-secreting tumors, Leptin deficiency or resistance to leptin action, Hypothyroidism, Glucocorticoid excess ( crushing’s syndrome ), Ghrelin/leptin hormonal pathway dysfunction. Increase energy intake like ingestion of junk food and foods containing excessive carbohydrates versus physical inactivity like excessive television viewing, excessive computer use is a greater precipitant in without underlying genetic factors.
Epidemiology:
Study conducted by Eneli and Dele Davies covered about 77% of the countries reported overall prevalence of 10%. Notably, the highest rates for children at risk for obesity were found in Malta (25.4%) and the United States (25.1%). Lithuania (5.1%) and Latvia (5.9%) had the lowest rates. The prevalence is far greater in developed countries as compared to developing countries.
Prevention:
In children under 2 years of age breast-feeding has a protective role in comparison with formula feeding. Appropriate policies and practices that support healthy lifestyle should be started in schools where they spent significant proportion of a day. Dietary modification and identification of high calorie food play significant in prevention. Wide availability of junk food, calorie-rich soft drink, snacks in schools should be prevented. Physical inactivity of children is considered to be a serious cause, lack of it poses greater risk of obesity. Parents need to change the habits of entire family include lead by example, plan family outdoor activities, check time spent on TV , computer, gaming. Encourage outdoor activities. Medical intervention in combating obesity is discourage in childhood and adolescents as it accompany many side effects.
Obesity in children and adolescents is the most common nutritional problem in the developed nations. There Sharp hike in the recent years and it is now considered to be a major health issue. It poses almost the same side effects as in adults like insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemias, joint disorders and liver disease; also, it multiplies the risk of adult onset obesity and cardiovascular disease. These individuals also more susceptible of developing stress, sadness and low self-esteem.
No definition is perfect for childhood obesity. The perfect definition must includes the statistical association with acute and long term risk factors as, acute medical condition usually do not occur in this age group. Some clinicians use the terms overweight, obese, and morbidly obese to classify the weights exceed those for heights by 20%, 50%, and 80-100%. But BMI(body mass index ), although a crude method of measuring body fatness is still used in clinics. It is calculated by weight(kg ) divided by height (m2) .
Etiology:
The greatest risk factor is obesity of both parents signifies the strong genetic component though other causes are well known in developing childhood obesity. These includes genetic syndromes(Prader-Willi syndrome, Turner syndrome, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Down syndrome, Cohen syndrome) , hormonal disorders like Growth hormone deficiency, Growth hormone resistance, Prolactin-secreting tumors, Leptin deficiency or resistance to leptin action, Hypothyroidism, Glucocorticoid excess ( crushing’s syndrome ), Ghrelin/leptin hormonal pathway dysfunction. Increase energy intake like ingestion of junk food and foods containing excessive carbohydrates versus physical inactivity like excessive television viewing, excessive computer use is a greater precipitant in without underlying genetic factors.
Epidemiology:
Study conducted by Eneli and Dele Davies covered about 77% of the countries reported overall prevalence of 10%. Notably, the highest rates for children at risk for obesity were found in Malta (25.4%) and the United States (25.1%). Lithuania (5.1%) and Latvia (5.9%) had the lowest rates. The prevalence is far greater in developed countries as compared to developing countries.
Prevention:
In children under 2 years of age breast-feeding has a protective role in comparison with formula feeding. Appropriate policies and practices that support healthy lifestyle should be started in schools where they spent significant proportion of a day. Dietary modification and identification of high calorie food play significant in prevention. Wide availability of junk food, calorie-rich soft drink, snacks in schools should be prevented. Physical inactivity of children is considered to be a serious cause, lack of it poses greater risk of obesity. Parents need to change the habits of entire family include lead by example, plan family outdoor activities, check time spent on TV , computer, gaming. Encourage outdoor activities. Medical intervention in combating obesity is discourage in childhood and adolescents as it accompany many side effects.
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